GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists are medications that mimic a natural hormone in your body. This hormone helps regulate blood sugar levels and appetite. GLP-1 medications were originally developed for type 2 diabetes but are now FDA-approved for weight loss as well. Common GLP-1 medications include semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound).

GLP-1 medications work through multiple mechanisms: (1) They signal your brain's satiety centers, making you feel fuller faster and stay satisfied longer. (2) They slow gastric emptying, which means food stays in your stomach longer, prolonging the feeling of fullness. (3) They reduce food cravings and the desire to eat. (4) They help regulate blood sugar levels, which can reduce hunger spikes. Together, these effects lead to reduced calorie intake and significant weight loss when combined with diet and exercise.

Clinical trials show impressive results, but individual experiences vary significantly. In the STEP trials for semaglutide (Wegovy), participants lost an average of 15-20% of their body weight over 68 weeks. Tirzepatide (Zepbound) showed even higher results in the SURMOUNT trials, with participants losing an average of 15-22% of body weight depending on the dose. However, these are averages from clinical trials with strict protocols. Real-world results depend on starting weight, adherence to treatment, lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), individual metabolism, underlying health conditions, and medication dose. Some people lose less, some lose more. These medications are most effective when combined with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.

The most common side effects are gastrointestinal and include: nausea (especially when starting or increasing dose), diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain or discomfort, indigestion, and decreased appetite. These side effects are typically mild to moderate and often improve over time as your body adjusts. They're usually most noticeable when starting the medication or increasing the dose. To minimize side effects, doctors typically start with a low dose and gradually increase it, eat smaller meals, avoid high-fat or greasy foods, and stay well-hydrated. Most people find that side effects become manageable or disappear after the first few weeks.

While rare, serious side effects are possible and include: pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), gallbladder problems (including gallstones), kidney problems, severe allergic reactions, changes in vision (in people with diabetes), increased heart rate, and thyroid tumors (seen in animal studies, rare in humans). There's also a boxed warning about thyroid C-cell tumors. You should not use GLP-1 medications if you have a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2). Contact your doctor immediately if you experience severe abdominal pain, vision changes, signs of pancreatitis, signs of allergic reaction, or a lump or swelling in your neck.

According to FDA approval, GLP-1 medications for weight loss are appropriate for adults with a BMI of 30 or greater (obesity), or a BMI of 27 or greater (overweight) with at least one weight-related condition such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol. You should be willing and able to make lifestyle changes including diet and exercise, and be prepared for a long-term treatment commitment. Good candidates should have no contraindications (personal/family history of MTC or MEN 2, pregnancy, etc.) and realistic expectations about results and potential side effects.

GLP-1 medications are not appropriate for people who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, breastfeeding, have a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), have Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2), have had a severe allergic reaction to semaglutide, tirzepatide, or similar medications, have a history of pancreatitis (use with caution), or have severe gastrointestinal disease. Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine if GLP-1 medications are safe for your specific situation.

Most GLP-1 medications for weight loss are administered as a subcutaneous injection (under the skin) once weekly. You inject the medication yourself using a pre-filled pen. Injection sites typically include the abdomen (most common), thigh, or upper arm. The process is straightforward: clean the injection site with alcohol, pinch the skin, insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, press the button to inject, and hold for a few seconds. Most people find the injections quick and relatively painless. The needles are very small and thin. After the first 1-2 times, most people report that it becomes routine and easy. There are also oral versions in development, though currently most GLP-1 medications for weight loss are injectable.

GLP-1 medications are generally intended for long-term use. They are not a quick fix or short-term solution. Weight loss occurs gradually over months, and maintaining the weight loss typically requires continuing the medication. Clinical trials studied patients for 1-2 years, but many people continue treatment longer. Studies show that when people stop taking GLP-1 medications, they often regain weight. Some individuals may be able to maintain their weight loss through lifestyle changes alone, but many will need continued medication. This is similar to other chronic conditions - the medication works while you're taking it. You should discuss your long-term treatment plan with your healthcare provider.

Insurance coverage varies significantly. Many insurance plans do NOT cover GLP-1 medications when prescribed specifically for weight loss, even with a BMI that meets FDA criteria. Some plans cover them for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic, Mounjaro) but not for weight loss (Wegovy, Zepbound). Medicare Part D generally does not cover weight loss medications. Some employer-sponsored plans may offer coverage, but it varies by employer and plan. Many insurance companies require prior authorization, which can take weeks or be denied. Due to limited coverage, many people turn to telehealth platforms that offer compounded versions at lower out-of-pocket costs, though these are not typically covered by insurance. If you have insurance, check with your specific plan about coverage, prior authorization requirements, and out-of-pocket costs.

Brand-name medications are manufactured by pharmaceutical companies (Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly), FDA-approved for safety and efficacy, and go through rigorous testing and quality control. Examples include Wegovy, Ozempic (semaglutide) and Zepbound, Mounjaro (tirzepatide). Compounded medications are prepared by specialized compounding pharmacies, contain the same active ingredients as brand-name versions, are made on a case-by-case basis, and can be customized for dosing. They are not FDA-approved but are made by FDA-registered facilities following strict quality standards. Compounded versions typically cost significantly less (often 50-70% cheaper), are available through telehealth platforms, and can be a good option during brand-name shortages. However, they may have less extensive clinical data and quality control may vary by pharmacy. Both can be effective, but discuss with your provider which is best for your situation.

Costs vary widely depending on whether you use insurance, brand-name vs. compounded, and your provider. Brand-name medications without insurance can cost $900-$1,500+ per month for Wegovy or Zepbound. Some manufacturer savings programs or coupons may reduce costs if you qualify. With insurance (if covered), copays can range from $25-$500+ per month depending on your plan. Compounded versions through telehealth platforms typically cost $200-$500 per month, with prices varying by provider, dose, and whether consultation fees are included. Many telehealth platforms offer all-inclusive pricing with no hidden fees. Costs may decrease over time as more options become available and competition increases.

Telehealth involves receiving medical care remotely through online consultations rather than in-person visits. For GLP-1 medications, this typically includes completing an online health questionnaire, having your information reviewed by a licensed physician, receiving a prescription if approved, and having medication shipped to your home. When done properly, telehealth for GLP-1 medications is safe and effective. You should ensure the platform uses board-certified, US-licensed physicians; conducts thorough medical screening for contraindications; sources medications from FDA-registered pharmacies; provides ongoing support and monitoring; and is transparent about pricing and processes. Reputable telehealth platforms follow the same medical standards as in-person care. However, avoid platforms that seem to approve everyone without proper screening or make unrealistic promises about results.

There's no absolute prohibition against alcohol while taking GLP-1 medications, but there are important considerations. GLP-1 medications can lower blood sugar, and alcohol can also lower blood sugar, potentially leading to hypoglycemia (especially if you have diabetes). Alcohol may worsen gastrointestinal side effects like nausea. Many people report reduced desire to drink alcohol while on GLP-1 medications. Alcohol contains calories that can work against your weight loss goals. If you choose to drink, do so in moderation (generally defined as up to 1 drink per day for women, up to 2 for men), with food to minimize blood sugar effects, while staying hydrated, and while monitoring how you feel. Discuss your alcohol consumption with your healthcare provider.

Research shows that many people do regain weight after stopping GLP-1 medications, though the amount varies by individual. Studies show that within one year of stopping treatment, patients regained about two-thirds of the weight they had lost. However, this isn't universal - some people maintain significant weight loss through lifestyle changes. To minimize weight regain, gradually transition to a sustainable diet and exercise routine while on the medication, work with a nutritionist or health coach, address underlying eating behaviors and emotional triggers, and consider a gradual tapering approach rather than stopping suddenly. Some patients choose to continue treatment long-term to maintain results. Weight management is a chronic condition for many people, and long-term treatment may be necessary.

Yes, in fact, GLP-1 medications were originally developed for type 2 diabetes management. Ozempic and Mounjaro are FDA-approved specifically for type 2 diabetes and also help with weight loss. These medications can improve blood sugar control, reduce A1C levels, and may reduce cardiovascular risk. If you have diabetes and are considering GLP-1 medications, work closely with your doctor to adjust other diabetes medications (especially insulin or sulfonylureas) to prevent hypoglycemia, monitor your blood sugar regularly, and understand that you may be able to reduce or eliminate other diabetes medications. Note that GLP-1 medications are for type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes (though some research is exploring this).

GLP-1 medications are most effective when combined with lifestyle modifications. Focus on a reduced-calorie diet with an emphasis on whole foods, lean proteins, vegetables, and fruits. Eat smaller, more frequent meals to minimize side effects and practice mindful eating by listening to your body's fullness cues. Increase physical activity gradually, aiming for 150 minutes of moderate activity per week, and include both cardio and strength training. Stay well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Get adequate sleep (7-9 hours per night) as poor sleep can affect weight and appetite. Manage stress through healthy coping mechanisms. Consider working with a registered dietitian or health coach for personalized guidance. These medications reduce your appetite, but you still need to make healthy food choices to maximize results and overall health.

No, GLP-1 medications are not recommended during pregnancy. They have a pregnancy category rating that suggests potential risks. Animal studies have shown adverse effects on fetal development. There is insufficient data on human pregnancy outcomes. If you're planning to become pregnant, you should stop GLP-1 medications at least 2 months before trying to conceive (the medication needs time to clear your system). If you become pregnant while taking GLP-1 medications, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Weight loss is not recommended during pregnancy. After pregnancy, discuss with your doctor when it's safe to resume if desired (especially important if breastfeeding). If you're of childbearing age, use reliable contraception while taking GLP-1 medications.

When selecting a telehealth platform, verify that they use licensed, board-certified physicians who review your case. Check if their pricing is transparent with no hidden fees, and confirm they source medications from FDA-registered compounding pharmacies or provide brand-name medications. Look for platforms that offer responsive customer support and ongoing medical monitoring. Read reviews from other patients about their experiences. Ensure they conduct thorough medical screening (platforms that approve everyone are red flags). Check if they provide clear information about what to expect, including side effects. Compare pricing across multiple platforms, as costs can vary by hundreds of dollars per month. Be wary of platforms making unrealistic promises or guarantees about weight loss results. Our reviews page compares several reputable telehealth providers to help you make an informed decision.

If you miss a dose of your weekly GLP-1 medication, the guidance depends on timing. If it's been less than 5 days since your missed dose, take it as soon as you remember, then continue with your regular weekly schedule. If it's been more than 5 days since your missed dose, skip the missed dose and take your next dose on your regularly scheduled day. Do not take two doses within 2 days of each other to make up for a missed dose. If you frequently miss doses, set phone reminders, use a medication tracking app, pick a consistent day and time each week, or consider associating it with a weekly activity (like Sunday morning breakfast). Contact your healthcare provider if you have questions or miss multiple doses.